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R of Chad
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Ahmat Taboye
Ahmat Taboye is a literary critic from Chad. As head of the Department of Letters at the University of N'Djamena, he published Anthologie de la littérature tchadienne in 2003, which covers 40 years of Chadian literature. In May 2007, the Ministry of Cultural and Artistic Development named him a director.
http://wn.com/Ahmat_Taboye -
All Saints
'''All Saints' Day (in the Roman Catholic Church officially the Solemnity of All Saints and also called All Hallows or Hallowmas), often shortened to All Saints''', is a solemnity celebrated on 1 November in Western Christianity, and on the first Sunday after Pentecost in Eastern Christianity, in honour of all the saints, known and unknown.
http://wn.com/All_Saints -
Antoine Bangui
Antoine Bangui-Rombaye is a Chadian political figure and author. Between 1962 and 1972, Bangui was a member of the cabinet, including as foreign minister. However, he fell out of the favor of with President François Tombalbaye and was imprisoned from 1972 to 1975. He released his account of his imprisonment, Prisonnier de Tombalbaye, in 1980. This was followed by an autobiographical novel Les Ombres de Koh (1983). Bangui ran in the 1996 presidential election and became head of the Movement for the National Reconstruction of Chad (Mouvement pour la reconstruction nationale du Tchad, MORENAT), an approved political party.
http://wn.com/Antoine_Bangui -
Arab
http://wn.com/Arab -
Emmanuel Nadingar
Emmanuel Djelassem Nadingar (born 1951) is a Chadian politician who has been Prime Minister of Chad since March 2010.
http://wn.com/Emmanuel_Nadingar -
François Tombalbaye
François Tombalbaye, also called Ngarta Tombalbaye (June 15, 1918 – April 13, 1975), was a teacher and a trade union activist who served as the first president of Chad. He was born in the southern region of the country in the Moyen-Chari Prefecture near the city of Koumara and was of the Sara ethnic group, the prominent ethnicity in the five southern prefectures. Tombalbaye succeeded Gabriel Lisette as head of the Chadian Progressive Party (PPT), heading Chad's colonial government from 1959. He ruled the country during its independence on August 11, 1960, and was appointed its first head of government.
http://wn.com/François_Tombalbaye -
Idriss Déby
General Idriss Déby Itno (إدريس ديبي) (born 1952) is the President of Chad and the head of the Patriotic Salvation Movement. Déby is of the Bidayat clan of the Zaghawa ethnic group. He added "Itno" to his surname in January 2006.
http://wn.com/Idriss_Déby -
Issa Serge Coelo
Issa Serge Coelo (born 1967) is a Chadian film director. Born in Biltine, Chad, he studied history in Paris and film at the Ecole Supérieure de Réalisation Audiovisuelle (ESRA). He then worked as a cameraman at Métropole Télévision, France 3, TV5MONDE and CFI before creating the 1994 short film Un taxi pour Aouzou. The film was well-received, being nominated for a 1997 César Award in the category Best Short Film - Fiction. This was followed by the feature films Daresalam (2000) and Tartina City (2006). He also portrayed himself in the 1999 film Bye Bye Africa, which was directed by Chad's other prominent director Mahamat Saleh Haroun.
http://wn.com/Issa_Serge_Coelo -
Kenneth Pollack
Kenneth Michael Pollack (born 1966) is a noted former CIA intelligence analyst and expert on Middle East politics and military affairs and is currently the Director of the Saban Center for Middle East Policy at the Brookings Institution. He has served on the National Security Council staff and has written several articles and books on international relations.
http://wn.com/Kenneth_Pollack -
Koulsy Lamko
Koulsy Lamko (born 1959) is a Chadian-born playwright, poet, novelist and university lecturer. Born in Dadouar, Lamko left his country for Burkina Faso in 1979 due to the beginning of the civil war. There, he became acquainted with Thomas Sankara and involved with the Institute of Black Peoples in Ouagadougou. Lamko spent ten years promoting community theater in Burkina Faso through the Theater of the Community and helped found the International Festival of Theatre for Development. Some of his poetry was published in Revue Noire in 1994. In 1997 he co-released the album Bir Ki Mbo of mixed poetry and music in tribute to Sankara in collaboration with Stéphane Scott and Rémi Stengel. A regular attendant at the Limousin Festival International des Francophonies, he briefly lived in Limoges, France. He then moved to Rwanda, where he read for his doctorate at the National University in Butare while founding the university's Center for the Arts and the Theater and teaching theater and creative writing. His doctoral thesis was on emerging theatrical aesthetics in Africa. His experience in Rwanda led him to write his only novel, La phalène des collines ("The butterfly of the hills"), about the 1994 genocide..
http://wn.com/Koulsy_Lamko -
Mahamat Saleh Haroun
Mahamat-Saleh Haroun (born 1961) is a film director from Chad who has lived in France since 1982. He made his first feature film, Bye Bye Africa, in 1999. His second feature, Abouna, won best cinematography award at FESPACO, while his third, Daratt, won the Grand Special Jury Prize at the 63rd Venice International Film Festival. The 2010 feature film A Screaming Man won the Jury Prize at the 2010 Cannes Film Festival, making Haroun the first Chadian director to enter, as well as win, an award in the main Cannes competition.
http://wn.com/Mahamat_Saleh_Haroun -
Maurizio Giuliano
Maurizio Giuliano (born 1975) is an Italian-English traveller, author and journalist. As of 2004 he was, according to the Guinness Book of World Records, the youngest person to have visited all sovereign nations of the world. During several periods, he worked for international organizations in the field of media relations.
http://wn.com/Maurizio_Giuliano -
Sam Nolutshungu
Samuel Clement Nolutshungu (April 15, 1945 – August 12, 1997) was one of the foremost South African scholars, and an internationally acclaimed expert on South African politics.
http://wn.com/Sam_Nolutshungu
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Abéché
Abéché is the 4th largest city in Chad, the capital of Ouaddaï Region. The town is served by Abéché Airport.
http://wn.com/Abéché -
Bahr el Gazel Region
Bahr el Gazel Region is a region of Chad which was created in 2008 from Kanem Region, containing the former Bahr el Gazel Department.
http://wn.com/Bahr_el_Gazel_Region -
Batha Region
Batha is one of the 22 regions of Chad. It is located in the centre of the country, the regional capital is Ati, and the region is composed of what was formerly Batha Prefecture.
http://wn.com/Batha_Region -
Borkou Region
Borkou Region is a region of Chad which was created in 2008 from Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti Region, containing the former Borkou Department.
http://wn.com/Borkou_Region -
Burma
Burma, officially the Union of Myanmar, is the second largest country by geographical area in Southeast Asia. The country is bordered by People's Republic of China on the north-east, Laos on the east, Thailand on the south-east, Bangladesh on the west, India on the north-west and the Bay of Bengal to the south-west with the Andaman Sea defining its southern periphery. One-third of Burma's total perimeter, 1,930 kilometers (1,199 mi), forms an uninterrupted coastline.
http://wn.com/Burma -
Cameroon
The Republic of Cameroon () is a country of central and western Africa. It is bordered by Nigeria to the west; Chad to the northeast; the Central African Republic to the east; and Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, and the Republic of the Congo to the south. Cameroon's coastline lies on the Bight of Bonny, part of the Gulf of Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean. The country is called "Africa in miniature" for its geological and cultural diversity. Natural features include beaches, deserts, mountains, rainforests, and savannas. The highest point is Mount Cameroon in the southwest, and the largest cities are Douala, Yaoundé, and Garoua. Cameroon is home to over 200 different linguistic groups. The country is well known for its native styles of music, particularly makossa and bikutsi, and for its successful national football team. English and French are the official languages.
http://wn.com/Cameroon -
Chari River
The Chari or Shari River is a 949-kilometer-long river of central Africa. It flows from the Central African Republic through Chad into Lake Chad, following the Cameroon border from N'Djamena, where it joins the Logone River waters.
http://wn.com/Chari_River -
Doba
Doba is a city in Chad, the capital of the region of Logone Oriental.
http://wn.com/Doba -
Douala
Douala is the largest city in Cameroon and the capital of Cameroon's Littoral Province. Home to Cameroon's largest port and its major international airport, Douala Airport, it is the commercial capital of the country. Consequently, it handles most of the country's major exports, such as oil, cocoa and coffee, timber, metals and fruits.
http://wn.com/Douala -
Ennedi Region
Ennedi Region is a region of Chad which was created in 2008 from Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti Region, containing the former Ennedi Est Department and Ennedi Ouest Department.
http://wn.com/Ennedi_Region -
France
{{Infobox Country
http://wn.com/France -
Guéra Region
Guéra is one of the 22 regions of Chad and its capital is Mongo. It is formed by the former Guéra Prefecture
http://wn.com/Guéra_Region -
Hadjer-Lamis Region
Hadjer-Lamis is one of the 22 regions of Chad, located in the southwest of the country. The capital is Massakory. It corresponds to part of the former prefecture of Chari-Baguirmi (sub-prefectures of Bokoro and of Massakory and part of N'Djamena).
http://wn.com/Hadjer-Lamis_Region -
Haiti
Haiti (; French , ; Haitian Creole: Ayiti, ), officially the Republic of Haiti ( ;
http://wn.com/Haiti -
Iraq
Iraq ( or , Arabic: ), officially the Republic of Iraq (Arabic:
http://wn.com/Iraq -
Kanem Region
Kanem is one of the 22 regions of Chad, corresponding to the former prefecture of Kanem. Its capital is Mao. It is named after the famous Kanem Empire, which was centered in this vicinity.
http://wn.com/Kanem_Region -
Lac Region
Lac is one of the 22 regions of Chad and its capital is Bol. It is composed by the former Lac Prefecture.
http://wn.com/Lac_Region -
Libya
Libya ( ; Libyan vernacular: Lībya ; Amazigh: ), officially the '''Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya ( , also translated as Socialist People's Libyan Arab Great Jamahiriya'''), is a country located in North Africa. Bordering the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Libya lies between Egypt to the east, Sudan to the southeast, Chad and Niger to the south, and Algeria and Tunisia to the west.
http://wn.com/Libya -
Mandoul Region
Mandoul is one of the 22 regions of Chad. Located in the south of the country, it corresponds with part of the former prefecture of Moyen-Chari. The regional capital is Koumra.
http://wn.com/Mandoul_Region -
Moundou
Moundou is the second largest city in Chad, and is the capital of the region of Logone Occidental.
http://wn.com/Moundou -
Moyen-Chari Region
Moyen-Chari is one of the 22 regions of Chad and its capital is Sarh. Its main ethnic group are the Sara. Its economy is based on subsistence agriculture, breeding, cotton and sugarcane.
http://wn.com/Moyen-Chari_Region -
N'Djamena
'''N'Djamena' (, Arabic نجامينا Nijāmīnā), population 993,492 (2009), is the capital city of Chad. It is also the largest city in the country. A port on the Chari River, near the confluence with the Logone River, it directly faces the Cameroonian town of Kousséri, to which the city is connected by a bridge. It is also a special statute region, divided in 10 arrondissements''. It is a regional market for livestock, salt, dates, and grains. Meat, fish and cotton processing are the chief industries, and the city continues to serve as the centre of economic activity in Chad, despite the violent civil conflicts.
http://wn.com/N'Djamena -
Niger
Niger ( or ; ), officially named the Republic of Niger, is a landlocked country in Western Africa, named after the Niger River. It borders Nigeria and Benin to the south, Burkina Faso and Mali to the west, Algeria and Libya to the north and Chad to the east. Niger covers a land area of almost 1,270,000 km2, over 80 percent of which is covered by the Sahara desert. The country's predominantly Islamic population of just above 15,000,000 is mostly clustered in the far south and west of the nation. The capital city is Niamey.
http://wn.com/Niger -
Nigeria
Nigeria (), officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a federal constitutional republic comprising thirty-six states and its Federal Capital Territory, Abuja. The country is located in West Africa and shares land borders with the Republic of Benin in the west, Chad and Cameroon in the east, and Niger in the north. Its coast in the south lies on the Gulf of Guinea on the Atlantic Ocean. The three largest and most influential ethnic groups in Nigeria are the Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba. In terms of religion Nigeria is roughly split half and half between Muslims and Christians with a very small minority who practice traditional religion.
http://wn.com/Nigeria -
Ouaddaï Region
Ouaddaï is one of the 22 regions of Chad and its capital is Abéché. It is composed by the former Ouaddaï Prefecture. Its main ethnic groups are the Arabs and the Maba. The economy is based on subsistence agriculture and breeding. The region's present governor is Mahmat Nimir Hamata, who in February 2006 took the place of Danyo Ndokédi.
http://wn.com/Ouaddaï_Region -
Sahara
The Sahara (, , "The Greatest Desert") is the world's largest hot desert. At over
http://wn.com/Sahara -
Sahara Desert
http://wn.com/Sahara_Desert -
Salamat Region
Salamat is one of the 22 regions of Chad with its capital at Am Timan. The region's economy is based on subsistence agriculture, breeding, fishery and cotton.
http://wn.com/Salamat_Region -
Sarh
Sarh (formerly Fort Archambault) is the third largest city in Chad, after N'Djamena and Moundou. It is the capital of Moyen-Chari region and the department of Barh Köh. It lies 350 miles south-east of the capital Ndjamena on the Chari River.
http://wn.com/Sarh -
Sila Region
Sila Region is a region of Chad which was created in 2008 from Ouaddaï Region, containing the former Djourf Al Ahmar Department and Sila Department.
http://wn.com/Sila_Region -
Somalia
Somalia ( ; ; ), officially the Republic of Somalia (, ) and formerly known as the Somali Democratic Republic under communist rule, is a country located in the Horn of Africa. It is bordered by Djibouti to the northwest, Kenya to the southwest, the Gulf of Aden with Yemen to the north, the Indian Ocean to the east, and Ethiopia to the west. With the longest coastline on the continent, its terrain consists mainly of plateaus, plains and highlands.
http://wn.com/Somalia -
Sudan
Sudan (), officially the Republic of the Sudan, is a country in northeastern Africa. It is the largest country in Africa and the Arab world, and tenth largest in the world by area. It is bordered by Egypt to the north, the Red Sea to the northeast, Eritrea and Ethiopia to the east,Kenya and Uganda to the southeast, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Central African Republic to the southwest, Chad to the west and Libya to the northwest. The world's longest river, the Nile, divides the country between east and west sides.
http://wn.com/Sudan -
Tandjilé Region
Tandjilé is one of the 22 regions of Chad and its capital is Laï.
http://wn.com/Tandjilé_Region -
Tibesti Mountains
:For the current region of Chad, see Tibesti Region.
http://wn.com/Tibesti_Mountains -
Tibesti Region
Tibesti Region is a region of Chad which was created in 2008 from Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti Region, containing the former Tibesti Department.
http://wn.com/Tibesti_Region -
Tonga
Tonga (pronounced ), officially the Kingdom of Tonga (Tongan: Puleʻanga Fakatuʻi ʻo Tonga), is an archipelago in the South Pacific Ocean, comprising 169 islands, 36 of them inhabited. The Kingdom stretches over a distance of about 800 kilometres (500 miles) in a north-south line located at about a third of the distance from New Zealand to Hawaii.
http://wn.com/Tonga -
Tropic of Cancer
The Tropic of Cancer, also referred to as the Northern tropic, is the circle of latitude on the Earth that marks the most northerly position at which the Sun may appear directly overhead at its zenith. This event occurs once per year, at the time of the June solstice, when the Northern Hemisphere is tilted toward the Sun to its maximum extent.
http://wn.com/Tropic_of_Cancer -
Uzbekistan
Uzbekistan, officially the Republic of Uzbekistan (‘zbekiston Respublikasi'' or Ўзбекистон Республикаси) is one of the six independent Turkic states. It is a doubly landlocked country in Central Asia, formerly part of the Soviet Union. It shares borders with Kazakhstan to the west and to the north, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan to the east, and Afghanistan and Turkmenistan to the south.
http://wn.com/Uzbekistan -
Wadi Fira Region
Wadi Fira is one of the 22 regions of Chad, and corresponds with the former prefecture of Biltine. Its capital is the town of Biltine.
http://wn.com/Wadi_Fira_Region
- 13th meridian east
- 2010 Sahel famine
- 24th meridian east
- 24th parallel north
- 7th parallel north
- Abouna
- Abéché
- acacia
- African archaeology
- Agriculture in Chad
- Ahmat Taboye
- Alestes
- All Saints
- Animism
- Antoine Bangui
- Arab
- Arab slave trade
- Arabic language
- Association football
- Atheism
- Baba Moustapha
- Bahr el Gazel Region
- Bahá'í
- balafon
- Basketball
- Batha Region
- Battle of Kousséri
- BBC News
- Borkou Region
- Burma
- Bye Bye Africa
- calabash
- Cameroon
- Central Africa
- Chad Basin
- Chad Cultural Centre
- Chad National Museum
- Chadian Arabic
- Chadian coup of 1975
- Chari Jazz
- Chari River
- Chevron Corporation
- Christianity
- Christmas
- Colonial Chad
- Constitution of Chad
- Cotontchad
- cotton
- coup d'état
- Daratt
- Daresalam
- Darfur
- Darfur conflict
- Daza
- departments of Chad
- desert
- Doba
- docudrama
- Douala
- Easter Monday
- Education in Chad
- Eid ul-Adha
- Eid ul-Fitr
- Elections in Chad
- Emi Koussi
- Emmanuel Nadingar
- Ennedi Plateau
- Ennedi Region
- ExxonMobil
- FAO
- feature film
- France
- François Tombalbaye
- Freedom House
- French language
- genocide
- Government of Chad
- Guéra Region
- Hadjarai
- Hadjer-Lamis Region
- Haiti
- Hissène Habré
- History of Chad
- humanitarian crisis
- Hydrocynus
- Idriss Déby
- Independence Day
- Iraq
- Islam
- Islam in Africa
- Islam in Chad
- Issa Serge Coelo
- Jehovah's Witnesses
- Joseph Brahim Seïd
- kakaki
- Kanem Empire
- Kanem Region
- Kanembu people
- Kenneth Pollack
- Koulsy Lamko
- La Tchadienne
- Labour Day
- Lac Region
- Lake Chad
- landlocked country
- Languages of Chad
- law of France
- Libya
- lingua franca
- Logone River
- Mahamat Saleh Haroun
- Mandoul Region
- Maurizio Giuliano
- Mawlid
- Military of Chad
- millet
- millet beer
- Moundou
- movie theater
- Moyen-Chari Region
- Music of Chad
- N'Djamena
- New Year's Day
- News release
- Niger
- Nigeria
- oasis
- OHADA
- Ouaddaï Region
- parastatal
- Peru
- petroleum
- Petronas
- Polygamy
- prefectures of Chad
- Proso millet
- Protestantism
- regions of Chad
- Religion in Chad
- Republic Day
- Sahara
- Sahara Desert
- Sahel
- Sahelian
- Salamat Region
- Sam Nolutshungu
- Sao civilisation
- Sara people
- Sarh
- savanna
- sedentary
- Shawwal
- Sila Region
- social unit
- Somalia
- sorghum
- SotelTchad
- sport in Chad
- state of emergency
- Sudan
- Sudan (region)
- Sudanese refugees
- Sufism
- syncretism
- Tandjilé Region
- The Washington Post
- The World Factbook
- Tibesti Mountains
- Tibesti Region
- Tijaniyah
- Tonga
- Toubou
- Toyota War
- trans-Saharan trade
- transport in Chad
- Tropic of Cancer
- UNESCO
- United Nations
- United States dollar
- Uzbekistan
- Wadi Fira Region
- West Africa Time
- wet season
- wetland
- World Bank
- World War II
- Zaghawa people
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Rihanna Wait Your Turn Chopped and Screwed Rated R by Chad Brandenburgh
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:34
- Published: 17 Nov 2009
- Uploaded: 24 Oct 2011
- Author: mrnoodles38
I Do Not Own Anthing. 100% Fan-Made. NO COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT INTENDED My first screw job and i messed up a couple times but tell me what you think thanks for the view also!!! I FIXED THE STATIC
http://wn.com/Rihanna_Wait_Your_Turn_Chopped_and_Screwed_Rated_R_by_Chad_Brandenburgh
Chad Dawson vs Epifanio Mendoza R 2-4 (HQ)
25th pro fight, one before before Glen Johnson I against Epifanio Mendoza 28-4-1 with 24 kos. Rate, comment and subscribe for more
http://wn.com/Chad_Dawson_vs_Epifanio_Mendoza_R_2-4_HQ
Oi Modhu Chad R Ei Jochona
◘ Bulbul Ahmed Er Shorone ◘ ♦ Boroshad Presents Romantic Love Song : Oi Modhu Chad R Ei Jochona ♦ ◘ Thisvideo was presented for the first time since Boroshad ◘ • Viewers request your fevarate old cine song enjoy old cine video and give some comments & vote • Viewers Love to bangla song and listen lot of bangladeshi song thanks FILM : The Father Artist : Bulbul Ahmed, Shuchorita
http://wn.com/Oi_Modhu_Chad_R_Ei_Jochona
Purnima Chad R Tarar mela-Sonu Nigham
www.nazirul.page.tl Purnima Chad R Tarar mela-Sonu Nigham
http://wn.com/Purnima_Chad_R_Tarar_mela-Sonu_Nigham
RAIDER R 150 modified By.CHAD RACING TEAM
SUZUKI raider r 150
http://wn.com/RAIDER_R_150_modified_ByCHAD_RACING_TEAM
**UPDATE: ABDJ WINNER** Chad Hugo of N*E*R*D - Vote for DJ QBert
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:24
- Published: 29 Jun 2010
- Uploaded: 21 Dec 2010
- Author: thudrumble
www.americasbestdj.net Skratching Lives! What a great opportunity to show that we djs are musicians. Thank you to all the folks at DJ Times, QSkratchU.com, and everyone supporting the skratch art! - DJ Qbert
http://wn.com/**UPDATE_ABDJ_WINNER**_Chad_Hugo_of_N*E*R*D__Vote_for_DJ_QBert
Exclusive Interview with Chad Shae Pharrell & Christian Rich at BBC/Ice Cream FNO 2010
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:57
- Published: 14 Sep 2010
- Uploaded: 05 Jun 2011
- Author: whatchuwannaknow
Philly In The Know at BBC/Ice Cream Fashion's Night Out Event Friday September 10th. N*E*R*D performance on West Broadway with Chris Brown. Guest appearances by Nigo of Bape, Ryan Leslie and Johnny Cupcake of The Shop NJ and more! Interviews with Christian Rich, Phillip Leeds, Shae Haley, Pharrell Williams and Chad Hugo.
http://wn.com/Exclusive_Interview_with_Chad_Shae_Pharrell_Christian_Rich_at_BBC/Ice_Cream_FNO_2010
Congressman Tim Murphy Getting Touchy
This document from Congressman Murphy's district office shows Murphy's staff digging up dirt on constituents that wrote letters to the editor about him. www.tele-art.org Note: download quick, this is the congressman's personal property and he might come to take it back from me. Note: Congressman Tim Murphy has fired the whistleblower who told the news about his lawbreaking. Tim Murphy, R-PA, grabs evidence from KDKA reporter Andy Sheehan and "wont give it back". Murphy has asked to be investigated by the Ethics Committee because his staff didnt' follow election rules. One of Congressman Murphy's former staffers says "Its like working for Caligula."
http://wn.com/Congressman_Tim_Murphy_Getting_Touchy
N*E*R*D FAN TRIBUTE
My 1st fan tribute for Chad Hugo, Pharrell Williams and Shae Haley better known as N*E*R*D. Lemme know if you likes!
http://wn.com/N*E*R*D_FAN_TRIBUTE
The Treasure Hunt: A Chad, Matt & Rob Interactive Adventure!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:52
- Published: 26 Jan 2011
- Uploaded: 02 Jan 2012
- Author: chadmattandrob
Join Chad, Matt & Rob as they get tangled up in the hunt for a long lost treasure! Directed by: Tyler Gillett & Matt Bettinelli-Olpin Visual Effects by: Justin Martinez Starring: Alfonso Arau, Chad Villella, Matt Bettinelli-Olpin, Rob Polonsky, James Adomian, Tyler Tuione, Chester Tam, Veerta Motiani, Nicole Boccumini Vist us at: www.radiosilenceproductions.com http www.facebook.com Visit Atomic Wedgie at: www.atomicwedgietv.com
http://wn.com/The_Treasure_Hunt_A_Chad,_Matt_Rob_Interactive_Adventure!
Chad Mayate of Poreotix - SI7 Intermediate 2B
Chad Mayate of Poreotix teaching TM Dance Studio's Session 2 Intermediate 2B. Song: Baby I'm Yours - Breakbot Dancers in first group (L to R): Carlos Roman, Sharlene Guzman, Jeff Caluag, Chad Mayate, Jaime Soriano, Laura Mizuno, & Stefan Cadero Great job guys!
http://wn.com/Chad_Mayate_of_Poreotix__SI7_Intermediate_2B
Chad Vader : Day Shift Manager - Into the Basement
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:45
- Published: 17 Mar 2009
- Uploaded: 30 Dec 2011
- Author: blamesocietyfilms
CHAD VADER SEASON 2 DVD IS OUT! Take a look: www.blamesociety.net Chad and Jeremy must journey to the Empire Market basement, a creepy and dangerous place where only fools go. Written, Directed, and Edited by Matt Sloan and Aaron Yonda Produced by Courtney Collins courtneycollins.com http Assistant Director and Lighting - John Urban urbanphotoco.com Director of Photography - Tona Williams http Chad - Aaron Yonda blamesociety.net Voice of Chad - Matt Sloan http Commander Wickstrom - Paul Guse myspace.com Weird Jimmy - Craig Johnson myspace.com Maggie McCall - Karen Moeller Libby - Kate Sprecher Clarissa - Christina LaVicka myspace.com Lloyd - Rob Matsushita myspace.com Lionel - Bill Bolz Empire Market Employees - Erin Brander, Michael Glowacki, Robin Good, R. Peter Hunt, Sarah Michelson, Sean Moore, Shawn Steen, Kyla Taylor Sound - Rick Fatke fatkemedia.com Emily Mills http Kurt Wenger dropframe.com Lighting - Kurt Wenger http Rick Markley rickmarkley.com Sound Design - John Lee Music - Mike Rafferty http Grips: Erin Brander Nick Drake John Gourdoux Kristian Knutsen Rick Markley Emily Mills lostalbatross.com James Monette Mike Rafferty http Kurt Wenger dropframe.com Special thanks to Andrew Yonda Lightsaber Effects Charley Brown www.youtube.com Costume Assistance: Rob McFadyen RT-MOD.COM
http://wn.com/Chad_Vader__Day_Shift_Manager__Into_the_Basement
Solar cooker project - Iridimi refugee camp, Chad (Oct 2007)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:47
- Published: 18 Jan 2008
- Uploaded: 29 Oct 2011
- Author: SolarCookersIntl
Solar Cookers International (SCI) board member Gabriele Simbriger-Williams visited Iridimi refugee camp in Chad as part of a team assessing the Darfur refugee solar cooker project implemented by KoZon Foundation and supported by SCI and Jewish World Watch. This video features refugee solar cooker trainers and artisans, steps for making solar cookers, and general solar cooking footage from the camp. For more information on SCI visit www.solarcookers.org For more information on this project visit http Solar Cookers International is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization. Donations to SCI are appreciated, and tax deductible as allowed by law. Lend your support by visiting www.solarcookers.org
http://wn.com/Solar_cooker_project__Iridimi_refugee_camp,_Chad_Oct_2007
N*E*R*D @ Best Buy 11/04/10
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:58
- Published: 05 Nov 2010
- Uploaded: 15 Dec 2011
- Author: Atrain1390
Whatismfd.com facebook.com/aris313 twitter @aris313
http://wn.com/N*E*R*D_@_Best_Buy_11/04/10
"Lighters" - Eminem feat. Bruno Mars (Alex Goot, Luke Conard, Chad Sugg COVER)
this song on iTunes: bit.ly ====================== "Lighters" cover by Alex Goot, Luke Conard, and Chad Sugg. Find us on Facebook: Alex - www.facebook.com Luke - www.facebook.com Chad - www.facebook.com Twitter: Alex - twitter.com Luke - twitter.com Chad - twitter.com ====================== 'Lighters' as originally performed by Bad Meets Evil ft. Bruno Mars Written by: M. Mathers, R. Montgomery, Peter Hernandez, Philip Lawrence, Ari Levine, Roy Battle Published by EMI April Music Inc, EMI Blackwood Music, Warner Tamerlane Music Publishing & Universal Music Publishing.
http://wn.com/Lighters__Eminem_feat_Bruno_Mars_Alex_Goot,_Luke_Conard,_Chad_Sugg_COVER
Lighters - Bad Meets Evil ft. Bruno Mars (Luke Conard, Alex Goot, Chad Sugg COVER)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:01
- Published: 24 Sep 2011
- Uploaded: 02 Jan 2012
- Author: lukeconard
iTunes - itun.es Lighters cover by Alex Goot, Chad Sugg, and Luke Conard originally by Eminem, Bad Meets Evil, Bruno Mars, Royce da 5'9 Subscribe to Alex and Chad! They're amazing! Alex: youtube.com Chad: youtube.com ________________________ Find us on Facebook: Alex - www.facebook.com Luke - www.facebook.com Chad - www.facebook.com Twitter: Alex - twitter.com Luke - twitter.com Chad - twitter.com ________________________ My music: Luke Conard: itun.es ALL CAPS: itunes.com Ministry of Magic: itunes.com ________________________ 'Lighters' as originally performed by Bad Meets Evil ft. Bruno Mars Written by: M. Mathers, R. Montgomery, Peter Hernandez, Philip Lawrence, Ari Levine, Roy Battle Published by EMI April Music Inc, EMI Blackwood Music, Warner Tamerlane Music Publishing & Universal Music Publishing.
http://wn.com/Lighters__Bad_Meets_Evil_ft_Bruno_Mars_Luke_Conard,_Alex_Goot,_Chad_Sugg_COVER
Chad Vader : Day Shift Manager - A Galaxy Not So Far Away : S1 Ep1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:46
- Published: 10 Jul 2006
- Uploaded: 02 Jan 2012
- Author: blamesocietyfilms
CHAD VADER SEASON 3 DVD IS OUT! Take a look: www.blamesociety.net Chad's on Facebook: www.facebook.com --Life is hard when you're Darth Vader's less-talented, less-charismatic younger brother and you manage a grocery store.-- CHAD VADER: Starring: Chad - Aaron Yonda Clint/Voice of Chad - Matt Sloan Tony - Asa Derks Randy - Brad Knight monkeybusinessinstitute.com Tammy - Kealynn Kees Clarissa - Christina LaVicka http Lloyd - Rob Matsushita robmatsushita.blogspot.com With Cindy Brekken, Casey Brown, Kathy Fischer, Ben LaVicka, Robin Macdonald, Jordan Marko, Caiden Melendy, Chris Melendy, Justin Sprecher, Teddy Weathersbee Producer - Courtney Collins courtneycollins.com http Cinematography and Art Direction - Tona Williams tona.bigbite.org http Lighting Designer - John Urban urbanphotoco.com Casting Director - Courtney Collins http Assistant Director - Doug Chapin Sound Design - John Lee Sound Technician - Justin Sprecher youtube.com Production Assistants: Vijay Prabhu Dandamudi, Kathy Fischer, Robin MacDonald, Jordan Marko, Teddy Weathersbee Editing - Matt Sloan and Aaron Yonda Special Effects - Aaron Yonda Music - Andrew Yonda buffali.com and John Lee Based on an idea by Tim Harmston Filmed on Location at Willy Street Co-op, Madison, WI Location Supervisor - Amanda Biederman Special Thanks to Brendan Smith
http://wn.com/Chad_Vader__Day_Shift_Manager__A_Galaxy_Not_So_Far_Away__S1_Ep1
Res - You Know What (N*E*R*D Demo)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:05
- Published: 12 Jun 2008
- Uploaded: 29 Dec 2011
- Author: freaknesss
This is actually a demo of the *You Know What* song by N¤E¤R¤D off their new album *Seeing Sounds* performed by Shareese Renèe Ballard also known as Res, produced by The Neptunes
http://wn.com/Res__You_Know_What_N*E*R*D_Demo
PIRATES OF THE CARIBBEAN: ON STRANGER TIDES
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:09
- Published: 14 Dec 2010
- Uploaded: 24 Jul 2011
- Author: WaltDisneyStudiosNZ
Produced by Jerry Bruckheimer and directed by Rob Marshall, "Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides" captures the fun, adventure and humor that ignited the hit franchise—this time in Disney Digital 3D™. Johnny Depp returns to his iconic role of Captain Jack Sparrow in an action-packed tale of truth, betrayal, youth and demise. When Jack crosses paths with a woman from his past (Penelope Cruz), he's not sure if it's love—or if she's a ruthless con artist who's using him to find the fabled Fountain of Youth. When she forces him aboard the Queen Anne's Revenge, the ship of the formidable pirate Blackbeard (Ian McShane), Jack finds himself on an unexpected adventure in which he doesn't know who to fear more: Blackbeard or the woman from his past. The international cast includes franchise vets Geoffrey Rush as the vengeful Captain Hector Barbossa, and Kevin R. McNally as Captain Jack's longtime comrade Joshamee Gibbs, plus Sam Claflin as a stalwart missionary and Astrid Berges-Frisbey as a mysterious mermaid. In Cinemas May 19, 2011.
http://wn.com/PIRATES_OF_THE_CARIBBEAN_ON_STRANGER_TIDES
N*E*R*D- Run to the Sun (Original Version)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:48
- Published: 08 Apr 2008
- Uploaded: 01 Jan 2012
- Author: LongBeach2SanDiego
i hate slideshows. with that said, here's one i did with random pics from street fighter to the run to the sun from N*E*R*D's digital version of "In Search of...". **update 6/24/08** annotation of the lyrics added!!!
http://wn.com/N*E*R*D_Run_to_the_Sun_Original_Version
NERD The Way She Dances
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:05
- Published: 25 Nov 2007
- Uploaded: 30 Dec 2011
- Author: SaturnBlade
11 Track from N*E*R*D 2004 Album Fly or Die
http://wn.com/NERD_The_Way_She_Dances
Exclusive referee Chad Patton after Big Show vs Mark Henry match in Vengeance 2011
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:03
- Published: 24 Oct 2011
- Uploaded: 12 Dec 2011
- Author: silentorange17
Exclusive from WWE.com Referee Chad Patton discusses what it was like to be in the ring when it collapsed Mark Henry vs Big Show - WWE Vengeance 2011 - World Heavyweight Championship -Mark Henry vs Big Show ring collapsed match in Vengeance 2011 WWE World Heavy Weight Championship Match Mark Henry(c) vs. Big Show WWE Vengeance highlight picture 2011 10/23/11 PPV - WWE Vengeance 2011 -highlight picture 23/10/11 -23 oct 2011 WWE.com -WWE Vengeance 2011 Last Man Standing Match for the WWE Title Alberto Del Rio(c) vs. John Cena WWE World Heavy Weight Championship Match Mark Henry(c) vs. Big Show WWE Tag Team Match CM Punk and Triple H vs. Awesome Truth(The Miz and R-Truth) WWE Single Matches Randy Orton vs. Cody Rhodes WWE Tag Team Championship Match Kofi Kingston & Evan Bourne vs Jack Swagger & Dolph Ziggler WWE Divas Title Match Beth Phoenix(c) vs. Eve WWE United State Championship Match Dolph Ziggler(c) vs. Zack Ryder WWE Single Matches Christian vs. Sheamus Tags: PPV - WWE Vengeance 2011 - Updated Card WWE Vengeance 2011 (10/23/11) highlight WWE.com WWE Vengeance 2011
http://wn.com/Exclusive_referee_Chad_Patton_after_Big_Show_vs_Mark_Henry_match_in_Vengeance_2011
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| Native name | |
|---|---|
| Conventional long name | Republic of Chad |
| Common name | Chad |
| Image coat | Chad coat of arms.png |
| Symbol type | Coat of arms |
| National motto | ""(French)"Unity, Work, Progress" |
| National anthem | ""The Chadian Hymn |
| Official languages | French, Arabic |
| Demonym | Chadian |
| Capital | N'Djamena |
| Largest city | capital |
| Government type | Presidential republic |
| Leader title1 | President |
| Leader title2 | Prime Minister |
| Leader name1 | Idriss Déby |
| Leader name2 | Emmanuel Nadingar |
| Area rank | 21st |
| Area magnitude | 1 E12 |
| Area km2 | 1,284,000 |
| Area sq mi | 495,753 |
| Percent water | 1.9 |
| Population estimate | 10,329,208 |
| Population estimate rank | 74th |
| Population estimate year | 2009 |
| Population census | 6,279,921 |
| Population census year | 1993 |
| Population density km2 | 8.0 |
| Population density sq mi | 20.8 |
| Population density rank | 212th |
| Gdp ppp | $17.359 billion |
| Gdp ppp year | 2010 |
| Gdp ppp per capita | $1,698 |
| Gdp nominal | $7.848 billion |
| Gdp nominal year | 2010 |
| Gdp nominal per capita | $767 |
| Sovereignty type | Independence |
| Established event1 | from France |
| Established date1 | August 11, 1960 |
| Hdi | 0.295 |
| Hdi rank | 163rd |
| Hdi year | 2010 |
| Hdi category | low |
| Currency | Central African CFA franc |
| Currency code | XAF |
| Country code | TCD |
| Time zone | WAT |
| Utc offset | +1 |
| Time zone dst | Not observed |
| Utc offset dst | +1 |
| Cctld | .td |
| Calling code | 235 }} |
Chad is divided into multiple regions: a desert zone in the north, an arid Sahelian belt in the centre and a more fertile Sudanese savanna zone in the south. Lake Chad, after which the country is named, is the largest wetland in Chad and the second largest in Africa. Chad's highest peak is the Emi Koussi in the Sahara, and N'Djamena, (formerly Fort-Lamy), the capital, is the largest city. Chad is home to over 200 different ethnic and linguistic groups. Arabic and French are the official languages. Islam and Christianity are the most widely practised religions.
Beginning in the 7th millennium BC, human populations moved into the Chadian basin in great numbers. By the end of the 1st millennium BC, a series of states and empires rose and fell in Chad's Sahelian strip, each focused on controlling the trans-Saharan trade routes that passed through the region. France conquered the territory by 1920 and incorporated it as part of French Equatorial Africa.
In 1960, Chad obtained independence under the leadership of François Tombalbaye. Resentment towards his policies in the Muslim north culminated in the eruption of a long-lasting civil war in 1965. In 1979, the rebels conquered the capital and put an end to the south's hegemony. However, the rebel commanders fought amongst themselves until Hissène Habré defeated his rivals. He was overthrown in 1990 by his general Idriss Déby. Recently, the Darfur crisis in Sudan has spilt over the border and destabilised the nation, with hundreds of thousands of Sudanese refugees living in and around camps in eastern Chad.
While many political parties are active, power lies firmly in the hands of President Déby and his political party, the Patriotic Salvation Movement. Chad remains plagued by political violence and recurrent attempted coups d'état (see Battle of N'Djamena (2006) and Battle of N'Djamena (2008)).
Chad is one of the poorest and most corrupt countries in the world; most inhabitants live in poverty as subsistence herders and farmers. Since 2003, crude oil has become the country's primary source of export earnings, superseding the traditional cotton industry.
History
In the 7th millennium BC ecological conditions in the northern half of Chadian territory favored human settlement, and the region experienced a strong population increase. Some of the most important African archaeological sites are found in Chad, mainly in the Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti Region; some date to earlier than 2000 BC.
For more than 2000 years, the Chadian Basin has been inhabited by agricultural and sedentary peoples. The region became a crossroads of civilizations. The earliest of these were the legendary Sao, known from artifacts and oral histories. The Sao fell to the Kanem Empire, the first and longest-lasting of the empires that developed in Chad's Sahelian strip by the end of the 1st millennium AD. The power of Kanem and its successors was based on control of the trans-Saharan trade routes that passed through the region. These states, at least tacitly Muslim, never extended their control to the southern grasslands except to raid for slaves.
French colonial expansion led to the creation of the in 1900. By 1920, France had secured full control of the colony and incorporated it as part of French Equatorial Africa. French rule in Chad was characterised by an absence of policies to unify the territory and sluggish modernisation. The French primarily viewed the colony as an unimportant source of untrained labour and raw cotton; France introduced large-scale cotton production in 1929. The colonial administration in Chad was critically understaffed and had to rely on the dregs of the French civil service. Only the south was governed effectively; French presence in the north and east was nominal. The educational system suffered from this neglect.
After World War II, France granted Chad the status of overseas territory and its inhabitants the right to elect representatives to the French National Assembly and a Chadian assembly. The largest political party was the Chadian Progressive Party (PPT), based in the southern half of the colony. Chad was granted independence on August 11, 1960 with the PPT's leader, François Tombalbaye, as its first president.
Two years later, Tombalbaye banned opposition parties and established a one-party system. Tombalbaye's autocratic rule and insensitive mismanagement exacerbated interethnic tensions. In 1965 Muslims began a civil war. Tombalbaye was overthrown and killed in 1975, but the insurgency continued. In 1979 the rebel factions conquered the capital, and all central authority in the country collapsed. Armed factions, many from the north's rebellion, contended for power.
The disintegration of Chad caused the collapse of France's position in the country. Libya moved to fill the power vacuum and became involved in Chad's civil war. Libya's adventure ended in disaster in 1987; the French-supported president, Hissène Habré, evoked a united response from Chadians of a kind never seen before and forced the Libyan army off Chadian soil.
Habré consolidated his dictatorship through a power system that relied on corruption and violence; an estimated 40,000 people were killed under his rule. The president favoured his own Daza ethnic group and discriminated against his former allies, the Zaghawa. His general, Idriss Déby, overthrew him in 1990.
Déby attempted to reconcile the rebel groups and reintroduced multiparty politics. Chadians approved a new constitution by referendum, and in 1996, Déby easily won a competitive presidential election. He won a second term five years later. Oil exploitation began in Chad in 2003, bringing with it hopes that Chad would at last have some chances of peace and prosperity. Instead, internal dissent worsened, and a new civil war broke out. Déby unilaterally modified the constitution to remove the two-term limit on the presidency; this caused an uproar among the civil society and opposition parties. In 2006 Déby won a third mandate in elections that the opposition boycotted. Ethnic violence in eastern Chad has increased; the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees has warned that a genocide like that in Darfur may yet occur in Chad.
In 2006 and in 2008 rebel forces have attempted to take the capital by force, but have on both occasions failed.
Politics and government
Chad's constitution provides for a strong executive branch headed by a president who dominates the political system. The president has the power to appoint the prime minister and the cabinet, and exercises considerable influence over appointments of judges, generals, provincial officials and heads of Chad's para-statal firms. In cases of grave and immediate threat, the president, in consultation with the National Assembly, may declare a state of emergency. The president is directly elected by popular vote for a five-year term; in 2005 constitutional term limits were removed.
This removal allows a president to remain in power beyond the previous two-term limit. Most of Déby's key advisers are members of the Zaghawa ethnic group, although southern and opposition personalities are represented in government.
Corruption is rife at all levels; Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index for 2005 named Chad the most corrupt country in the world, and it has fared only slightly better in the following years. In 2007, it scored 1.8 out of 10 on the Corruption Perceptions Index (with 10 being the least corrupt). Only Tonga, Uzbekistan, Haiti, Iraq, Burma, and Somalia scored lower. Critics of President Déby have accused him of cronyism and tribalism.
Chad's legal system is based on French civil law and Chadian customary law where the latter does not interfere with public order or constitutional guarantees of equality. Despite the constitution's guarantee of judicial independence, the president names most key judicial officials. The legal system's highest jurisdictions, the Supreme Court and the Constitutional Council, have become fully operational since 2000. The Supreme Court is made up of a chief justice, named by the president, and 15 councillors, appointed for life by the president and the National Assembly. The Constitutional Court is headed by nine judges elected to nine-year terms. It has the power to review legislation, treaties and international agreements prior to their adoption.
The National Assembly makes legislation. The body consists of 155 members elected for four-year terms who meet three times per year. The Assembly holds regular sessions twice a year, starting in March and October, and can hold special sessions when called by the prime minister. Deputies elect a National Assembly president every two years. The president must sign or reject newly passed laws within 15 days. The National Assembly must approve the prime minister's plan of government and may force the prime minister to resign through a majority vote of no confidence. However, if the National Assembly rejects the executive branch's programme twice in one year, the president may disband the Assembly and call for new legislative elections. In practice, the president exercises considerable influence over the National Assembly through his party, the Patriotic Salvation Movement (MPS), which holds a large majority.
Until the legalisation of opposition parties in 1992, Déby's MPS was the sole legal party in Chad. Since, 78 registered political parties have become active. In 2005, opposition parties and human rights organisations supported the boycott of the constitutional referendum that allowed Déby to stand for re-election for a third term amid reports of widespread irregularities in voter registration and government censorship of independent media outlets during the campaign. Correspondents judged the 2006 presidential elections a mere formality, as the opposition deemed the polls a farce and boycotted.
Déby faces armed opposition from groups who are deeply divided by leadership clashes but united in their intention to overthrow him. These forces stormed the capital on April 13, 2006, but were ultimately repelled. Chad's greatest foreign influence is France, which maintains 1,000 troops in the country. Déby relies on the French to help repel the rebels, and France gives the Chadian army logistical and intelligence support for fear of a complete collapse of regional stability. Nevertheless, Franco-Chadian relations were soured by the granting of oil drilling rights to the American Exxon company in 1999.
Educators face considerable challenges due to the nation's dispersed population and a certain degree of reluctance on the part of parents to send their children to school. Although attendance is compulsory, only 68% of boys attend primary school, and more than half of the population is illiterate. Higher education is provided at the University of N'Djamena.
Humanitarian situation
According to the United Nations, Chad has been affected by a humanitarian crisis since at least 2001. As of 2008, the country of Chad hosts over 280,000 refugees from the Sudan's Darfur region, over 55,000 from the Central African Republic, as well as over 170,000 internally displaced persons.In February 2008 in the aftermath of the battle of N'Djamena, UN Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs John Holmes expressed "extreme concern" that the crisis would have a negative effect on the ability of humanitarians to deliver life-saving assistance to half a million beneficiaries, most of whom – according to him – heavily rely on humanitarian aid for their survival. UN spokesperson Maurizio Giuliano stated to The Washington Post: "If we do not manage to provide aid at sufficient levels, the humanitarian crisis might become a humanitarian catastrophe".
Regions, departments, and sub-prefectures
Chad has been divided since February 2008 in 22 regions. The subdivision of Chad in regions came about in 2003 as part of the decentralisation process, when the government abolished the previous 14 prefectures. Each region is headed by a presidentially appointed governor. Prefects administer the 61 departments within the regions. The departments are divided into 200 sub-prefectures, which are in turn composed of 446 cantons.The cantons are scheduled to be replaced by communautés rurales, but the legal and regulatory framework has not yet been completed. The constitution provides for decentralised government to compel local populations to play an active role in their own development. To this end, the constitution declares that each administrative subdivisions be governed by elected local assemblies, but no local elections have taken place, and communal elections scheduled for 2005 have been repeatedly postponed.
The regions are:
Geography
At , Chad is the world's 21st-largest country. It is slightly smaller than Peru and slightly larger than South Africa. Chad is in north central Africa, lying between latitudes 7° and 24°N, and 13° and 24°E. Chad is bounded to the north by Libya, to the east by Sudan, to the west by Niger, Nigeria and Cameroon, and to the south by the Central African Republic. The country's capital is from the nearest seaport Douala (Cameroon). Due to this distance from the sea and the country's largely desert climate, Chad is sometimes referred to as the "Dead Heart of Africa".A heritage of the colonial era, Chad's borders do not coincide wholly with natural boundaries. The dominant physical structure is a wide basin bounded to the north, east and south by mountain ranges such as the Ennedi Plateau in the north-east. Lake Chad, after which the country is named, is the remains of an immense lake that occupied of the Chad Basin 7,000 years ago. Although in the 21st century it covers only , and its surface area is subject to heavy seasonal fluctuations, the lake is Africa's second largest wetland. The Emi Koussi, a dormant volcano in the Tibesti Mountains that reaches above sea level, is the highest point in Chad and the Sahara.
The region's tall grasses and extensive marshes make it favourable for birds, reptiles, and large mammals. Chad's major rivers—the Chari, Logone and their tributaries—flow through the southern savannas from the southeast into Lake Chad.
Climate
Each year a tropical weather system known as the intertropical front crosses Chad from south to north, bringing a wet season that lasts from May to October in the south, and from June to September in the Sahel. Variations in local rainfall create three major geographical zones. The Sahara lies in the country's northern third. Yearly precipitations throughout this belt are under ; only the occasional spontaneous palm grove survives, the only ones to do so south of the Tropic of Cancer. The Sahara gives way to a Sahelian belt in Chad's centre; precipitation there varies from per year. In the Sahel, a steppe of thorny bushes (mostly acacias) gradually gives way to the south to East Sudanian savanna in Chad's Sudanese zone. Yearly rainfall in this belt is over .
Economy and infrastructure
The United Nations' Human Development Index ranks Chad as the seventh poorest country in the world, with 80% of the population living below the poverty line. The GDP (Purchasing power parity) per capita was estimated as US$1,600 in 2008. Chad is part of the Bank of Central African States, the Customs and Economic Union of Central Africa (UDEAC) and the Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa (OHADA). Its currency is the CFA franc. Years of civil war have scared away foreign investors; those who left Chad between 1979 and 1982 have only recently begun to regain confidence in the country's future. In 2000 major direct foreign investment in the oil sector began, boosting the country's economic prospects.Over 80% of Chad's population relies on subsistence farming and livestock raising for its livelihood. The crops grown and the locations of herds are determined by the local climate. In the southernmost 10 percent of the territory lies the nation's most fertile cropland, with rich yields of sorghum and millet. In the Sahel only the hardier varieties of millet grow, and these with much lower yields than in the south. On the other hand, the Sahel is ideal pastureland for large herds of commercial cattle and for goats, sheep, donkeys and horses. The Sahara's scattered oases support only some dates and legumes.
Before the development of oil industry, cotton dominated industry and the labour market and accounted for approximately 80% of export earnings. Cotton remains a primary export, although exact figures are not available. Rehabilitation of Cotontchad, a major cotton company that suffered from a decline in world cotton prices, has been financed by France, the Netherlands, the European Union, and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD). The parastatal is now expected to be privatised.
ExxonMobil leads a consortium of Chevron and Petronas that has invested $3.7 billion to develop oil reserves estimated at one billion barrels in southern Chad. Oil production began in 2003 with the completion of a pipeline (financed in part by the World Bank) that links the southern oilfields to terminals on the Atlantic coast of Cameroon. As a condition of its assistance, the World Bank insisted that 80% of oil revenues be spent on development projects. In January 2006 the World Bank suspended its loan programme when the Chadian government passed laws reducing this amount. On July 14, 2006, the World Bank and Chad signed a memorandum of understanding under which the Government of Chad commits 70% of its spending to priority poverty reduction programmes.
Civil war crippled the development of transport infrastructure; in 1987, Chad had only of paved roads. Successive road rehabilitation projects improved the network to by 2004. Nevertheless, the road network is limited; roads are often unusable for several months of the year. With no railways of its own, Chad depends heavily on Cameroon's rail system for the transport of Chadian exports and imports to and from the seaport of Douala.
An international airport serves the capital and provides regular direct flights to Paris and several African cities. The telecommunication system is basic and expensive, with fixed telephone services provided by the state telephone company SotelTchad. Only 14,000 fixed telephone lines serve all of Chad, one of the lowest telephone density rates in the world. Chad's energy sector has suffered from years of mismanagement by the parastatal Chad Water and Electric Society (STEE), which provides power for 15% of the capital's citizens and covers only 1.5% of the national population. Most Chadians burn biomass fuels such as wood and animal manure for power. Chad's cities face serious difficulties of municipal infrastructure; only 48% of urban residents have access to potable water and only 2% to basic sanitation.
The country's television audience is limited to N'Djamena. The only television station is the state-owned TeleTchad. Radio has a far greater reach, with 13 private radio stations. Newspapers are limited in quantity and distribution, and circulation figures are small due to transportation costs, low literacy rates, and poverty. While the constitution defends liberty of expression, the government has regularly restricted this right, and at the end of 2006 began to enact a system of prior censorship on the media.
Demographics
2005 estimates place Chad's population at 10,146,000; 25.8% live in urban areas and 74.8% in rural ones. The country's population is young: an estimated 47.3% is under 15. The birth rate is estimated at 42.35 births per 1,000 people, the mortality rate at 16.69. The life expectancy is 47.2 years.Chad's population is unevenly distributed. Density is in the Saharan Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti Region but in the Logone Occidental Region. In the capital, it is even higher. About half of the nation's population lives in the southern fifth of its territory, making this the most densely populated region.
Urban life is virtually restricted to the capital, whose population is mostly engaged in commerce. The other major towns are Sarh, Moundou, Abéché and Doba, which are less urbanised but are growing rapidly and joining the capital as decisive factors in economic growth. Since 2003, 230,000 Sudanese refugees have fled to eastern Chad from war-ridden Darfur. With the 172,000 Chadians displaced by the civil war in the east, this has generated increased tensions among the region's communities.
Polygamy is common, with 39% of women living in such unions. This is sanctioned by law, which automatically permits polygamy unless spouses specify that this is unacceptable upon marriage. Although violence against women is prohibited, domestic violence is common. Female genital mutilation is prohibited, but the practice is widespread and deeply rooted in tradition; 45% of Chadian women undergo the procedure, with the highest rates among Arabs, Hadjarai, and Ouaddaians (90% or more). Lower percentages were reported among the Sara (38%) and the Toubou (2%). Women lack equal opportunities in education and training, making it difficult for them to compete for the relatively few formal-sector jobs. Although property and inheritance laws based on the French code do not discriminate against women, local leaders adjudicate most inheritance cases in favour of men, according to traditional practice.
Chad has more than 200 distinct ethnic groups, which create diverse social structures. The colonial administration and independent governments have attempted to impose a national society, but for most Chadians the local or regional society remains the most important influence outside the immediate family. Nevertheless, Chad's peoples may be classified according to the geographical region in which they live. In the south live sedentary people such as the Sara, the nation's main ethnic group, whose essential social unit is the lineage. In the Sahel sedentary peoples live side-by-side with nomadic ones, such as the Arabs, the country's second major ethnic group. The north is inhabited by nomads, mostly Toubous. The nation's official business languages are French and Arabic, but over 100 languages and dialects are spoken. Due to the important role played by itinerant Arab traders and settled merchants in local communities, Chadian Arabic has become a lingua franca.
Religion
Chad is a religiously diverse country. The 1993 census found that 54% of Chadians were Muslim, 20% Roman Catholic, 14% Protestant, 10% animist, and 3% atheist. None of these religious traditions are monolithic. Animism includes a variety of ancestor and place-oriented religions whose expression is highly specific. Islam is expressed in diverse ways. Christianity arrived in Chad with the French and American missionaries; as with Chadian Islam, it syncretises aspects of pre-Christian religious beliefs. Muslims are largely concentrated in northern and eastern Chad, and animists and Christians live primarily in southern Chad and Guéra. The constitution provides for a secular state and guarantees religious freedom; different religious communities generally co-exist without problems.
{{bar box |title=Religion in Chad |titlebar=#ddd |left1=religion |right1=percent |float=right |bars= }}The vast majority of Muslims in the country are adherents of a moderate branch of mystical Islam (Sufism) known locally as Tijaniyah, which incorporates some local African religious elements. A small minority of the country's Muslims hold more fundamentalist practices, which, in some cases, may be associated with Saudi-oriented Salafi-movement.
Roman Catholics represent the largest Christian denomination in the country. Most Protestants, including the Nigeria-based "Winners Chapel," are affiliated with various evangelical Christian groups. Members of the Bahá'í and Jehovah's Witnesses religious communities also are present in the country. Both faiths were introduced after independence in 1960 and therefore are considered to be "new" religions in the country.
Chad is home to foreign missionaries representing both Christian and Islamic groups. Itinerant Muslim preachers primarily from Sudan, Saudi Arabia, and Pakistan, also visit. Saudi Arabian funding generally supports social and educational projects and extensive mosque construction.
Culture
| +Holidays | |
| Date | English Name |
| January 1 | New Year's Day |
| Shawwal 1 | Eid ul-Fitr |
| May 1 | Labour Day |
| May 25 | African Liberation Day |
| August 11 | Independence Day |
| November 1 | |
| November 28 | Republic Day |
| December 1 | Freedom and Democracy Day |
| December 25 | Christmas |
Regarding music, Chadians play instruments such as the kinde, a type of bow harp; the kakaki, a long tin horn; and the hu hu, a stringed instrument that uses calabashes as loudspeakers. Other instruments and their combinations are more linked to specific ethnic groups: the Sara prefer whistles, balafones, harps and kodjo drums; and the Kanembu combine the sounds of drums with those of flute-like instruments.
The music group Chari Jazz formed in 1964 and initiated Chad's modern music scene. Later, more renowned groups such as African Melody and International Challal attempted to mix modernity and tradition. Popular groups such as Tibesti have clung faster to their heritage by drawing on sai, a traditional style of music from southern Chad. The people of Chad have customarily disdained modern music. However, in 1995 greater interest has developed and fostered the distribution of CDs and audio cassettes featuring Chadian artists. Piracy and a lack of legal protections for artists' rights remain problems to further development of the Chadian music industry.
Millet is the staple food throughout Chad. It is used to make balls of paste that are dipped in sauces. In the north this dish is known as alysh; in the south, as biya. Fish is popular, which is generally prepared and sold either as salanga (sun-dried and lightly smoked Alestes and Hydrocynus) or as banda (smoked larger fish). Carcaje is a popular sweet drink extracted from hibiscus leaves. Alcoholic beverages, though absent in the north, are popular in the south, where people drink millet beer, known as billi-billi when brewed from red millet and as coshate when from white millet.
As in other Sahelian countries, literature in Chad has suffered from an economic, political and spiritual drought that has affected its best known writers. Chadian authors have been forced to write from exile or expatriate status and have generated literature dominated by themes of political oppression and historical discourse. Since 1962, 20 Chadian authors have written some 60 works of fiction. Among the most internationally renowned writers are Joseph Brahim Seïd, Baba Moustapha, Antoine Bangui and Koulsy Lamko. In 2003 Chad's sole literary critic, Ahmat Taboye, published his to further knowledge of Chad's literature internationally and among youth and to make up for Chad's lack of publishing houses and promotional structure.
The development of a Chadian film industry has suffered from the devastations of civil war and from the lack of cinemas, of which there is only one in the whole country. The first Chadian feature film, the docudrama Bye Bye Africa, was made in 1999 by Mahamat Saleh Haroun. His later film Abouna was critically acclaimed, and his Daratt won the Grand Special Jury Prize at the 63rd Venice International Film Festival. Issa Serge Coelo directed Chad's two other films, Daresalam and DP75: Tartina City.
Football is Chad's most popular sport. The country's national team is closely followed during international competitions, and Chadian footballers have played for French teams. Basketball and freestyle wrestling are widely practiced, the latter in a form in which the wrestlers don traditional animal hides and cover themselves with dust.
See also
Notes
References
Alphonse, Dokalyo (2003); "}}", 214.
External links
; Government Official government site Official presidency site; General
Category:African countries Category:Arabic-speaking countries and territories Category:French-speaking countries Category:Landlocked countries Category:Least developed countries Category:Member states of La Francophonie Category:Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation Category:Republics Category:States and territories established in 1960 Category:Member states of the United Nations
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